Category: History

When Homer Meets Jack Ryan

On By Marc NadeauIn Christopher Nolan, CIA, Dorothy Cox, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Great Britain, Greek Desk, History, Homer, Office of Strategic Services (OSS), Penguin Random House Canada, Rodney Young, Stephen Talty, The Odyssey, United States, William "Wild Bill" Donovan, Winston Churchill, World War IILeave a comment

The pleasure of reading about World War II through the lens of the Greek theatre is seldom found on bookstore shelves. I was therefore thrilled to discover The American School of Spies: The Archaeologists Who Fought the Nazis and Saved the Treasures of Ancient Greece (Dutton) by Stephan Talty. Little did I know when I started that I was about to discover one of the most fascinating stories I have ever read about the convergence of history, academia, and espionage.

The author reminds us that Adolf Hitler’s chief theorist, Alfred Rosenberg, “was hopeful that his men, led by the famous Nazi archaeologist Hans Reinerth, would pull from the ground “pre- and protohistoric Germanic and Slavic finds” that would at long last prove the connection between ancient Greece and the early Germans.” The occupation of Greece proved to be anything but pleasant. According to the author, approximately 5 percent of the population would not survive it. It would also provide the Feldgrau Horde with ample opportunities to seek out the alleged—and entirely imaginary—bridge between the civilization that gave birth to democracy and the warped minds that sought to appropriate its legacy for their own purposes.

Enter William “Wild Bill” Donovan, the former Wall Street lawyer and larger-than-life character whom President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tasked with creating the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the ancestor of the CIA, an intelligence organization designed to help win the war in the shadows. In 1942, Rodney Young, an archaeologist in his thirties who had been assistant director of the American School in Athens, was given a mission. He knew the Greek landscape well, not least from his wartime efforts to reach and assist local populations: following the German invasion, he had found a way to acquire an ambulance to help those in need. As head of the Greek Desk, he would recruit classicists and teach them the art of spycraft “in order to save Greece and its ancient relics”. A Herculean task.

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The Sinews of Victory, the Seeds of Defeat

On By Marc NadeauIn China, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Geopolitics, Germany, Great Britain, History, Phillips Payson O'Brien, PublicAffairs, Russia, Sparta, Sun Tzu, Ukraine, United States, Warfare, XerxesLeave a comment

The fate of war is sealed long before the sound of cannons fills the air. That is the conclusion I reached after reading Phillips Payson O’Brien’s latest book, and it recalls Sun Tzu’s teaching that victorious warriors win first and then go to war.

The argument resonates in a particular way when viewed against the backdrop of a news report according to which “the U.S. Army has significantly depleted its stockpile of highly accurate long-range missiles” (The Independent). Not necessarily the strongest posture from which to engage a determined enemy. “Going back to the great invasion of Greece by the Persian emperor Xerxes in 480 BCE (sometimes referred to as his second invasion), it can be seen how the largest and most powerful military forces can be crippled by the lack of supply”, writes the acclaimed historian in War and Power: Who Wins Wars and Why (PublicAffairs).

Before and beyond the clashes of iron and blood, “war is a test of various systems in a multitude of different ways; it is not a test of armies, and certainly not something that is determined by supposedly decisive battles”. Societies must therefore be willing to sustain the financial, industrial, and moral investments required to prevail when called upon. Alas, “instead of investing in their militaries, western European countries [to which we could add other countries, like Canada] have prioritized their vast welfare states”, as observed by former Senior National Security Adviser to the Australian government John Lee in a recent Foreign Affairs article. Such choices carry a cost—not only for national resources, but also for long-term strategic credibility.

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How to Fell a Tsar

On By Marc NadeauIn Antony Beevor, History, Leadership, Military History, Nicholas II, Penguin Random House Canada, Rasputin, Romanovs, RussiaLeave a comment

“It was the impression of Tsar Nicholas’s humiliation at the hands of his overbearing wife and the peasant Rasputin that shattered the brittle autocracy of the Romanovs.” That final line from Antony Beevor’s most recent book, Rasputin: The Downfall of the Romanovs (Viking), captures one of the most tragic collapses of a centuries-old dynasty. But how did it come about? The author, one of the most gifted writers of military history, provides the answer.

First, Nicholas II was unsuited to his “role as an autocrat. The chronic lack of confidence was matched by a longing to escape the trappings and responsibilities of power”. In the land of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great—and later of Stalin and Putin—that was hardly a recipe for success. Leaders can overcome their shortcomings when they are compensated for by the strengths of those around them. That is where Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna came into play—or failed to. Adept at courting unpopularity, she also contributed to the alienation of anyone outside the immediate family circle or anyone who dared disagree with her—which meant just about everyone.

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Jens Stoltenberg and the “Trump Effect”

On By Marc NadeauIn Barack Obama, China, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Geopolitics, History, Hubert Védrine, Jens Stoltenberg, John F. Kennedy, Leadership, Mark Rutte, Military Expenditures, Military History, NATO, Penguin Random House Canada, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Soviet Union, Turkey, United States, WarLeave a comment

Prima facie, the relationship between President Donald Trump and NATO is delicate. The role of Secretary General of the organization is anything but a sinecure. Yet the relationship between the resident of Avenue Louise in Brussels and the occupant of 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington stands out for its closeness. In Le Figaro, the astute journalist Florentin Collomp even wrote that Mark Rutte “is probably the only European capable of influencing the will of the President of the United States.” And as Collomp notes, it was following a meeting with NATO’s Secretary General at the Davos Forum that Donald Trump announced his dramatic reversals on Greenland and tariffs. Personal relationships are clearly crucial in international relations—especially with the US President. We could even say any US President.


This may come as a surprise to some, yet the closeness between the American statesman and the captain of the NATO ship fits within a clear continuum. In his memoirs, Jens Stoltenberg—former Norwegian Labour Prime Minister and current Finance Minister—describes a relationship that, exhausting as it may have been, proved beneficial. Stoltenberg, who accepted the post at Barack Obama’s invitation and had his term renewed under both Donald Trump and Joe Biden, candidly admits in his memoir, On My Watch: Leading NATO in a Time of War (Norton) to having adopted a strongly critical stance toward the United States in his youth. He also confesses to underestimating the chances of victory of the real estate mogul. Jens Stoltenberg is certainly no MAGA sympathizer—but his assessment is unambiguous: “When Donald Trump’s first term as President came to an end, NATO was stronger than it had been when he took office.” Intriguing, isn’t it?

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Yossi Cohen: From the Shadows to the Hustings

On By Marc NadeauIn Anwar El-Sadat, Benjamin Netanyahu, David Ben Gurion, Donald Trump, HarperCollins, History, Israel, Jean Tulard, Leadership, Meir Dagan, Menachem Begin, Mohammed bin Salman, Mossad, Realism, The Sword of Freedom, Vladimir Putin, Winston Churchill, Yossi Cohen, Ze'ev JabotinskyLeave a comment

In the new world order that is taking shape, the special relationship between Israel and the United States remains paramount. To paraphrase Sir Winston Churchill’s description of his relationship with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, “No lover ever studied every whim of his mistress” as closely as Benjamin Netanyahu did those of President Donald Trump. It therefore came as no surprise that the Israeli Prime Minister celebrated the arrival of 2026 last week at Mar-a-Lago. No one can dispute that Bibi is unparalleled when it comes to possessing a keen sense of history. But no statesman is eternal, and some actors are already jockeying to succeed him.

Former Mossad director Yossi Cohen is said to be among them, and the publication of his riveting memoir—The Sword of Freedom: Israel, Mossad, and the Secret War (Broadside Books)—will do little to calm speculation about a potential bid. The narrative spans forty-two years of service to Israel, at the heart of some of its most secret operations, including the iconic 2018 mission in which Mossad operatives seized Iran’s nuclear archives from a clandestine warehouse south of Tehran. Cohen notably served under the legendary Meir Dagan—who took him under his wing and is believed to have later recommended him to Prime Minister Netanyahu as a successor—and his aptitude for human relations, clearly a strength, naturally pointed him toward public life.

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As the Curtain Fell in 1945

On By Marc NadeauIn Al Murray, Allen Dulles, Douglas MacArthur, Grove Atlantic, Hirohito, History, James Holland, Japan, Leadership, OSS, Philippines, Victory '45, War in the Pacific, Winston Churchill, World War IILeave a comment

War calls upon the best or the worst in human nature, and the final phases of World War II are no exception to that iron law. From Berlin to Tokyo, with stops in Italy and at Montgomery’s HQ, James Holland and Al Murray present a gallery of fascinating—though at times repugnant—figures in Victory ’45: The End of the War in Eight Surrenders (Grove Atlantic).

First, the courageous



On September 2, 1945, General Jonathan M. Wainwright stood on the deck of the USS Missouri—“the ship [that] look[ed] rather like a giant hedgehog”—for the signing of the official instrument of Japan’s surrender. General Douglas MacArthur handed him one of the five fountain pens he used to sign the documents. World War II thus ended for the commander who had been forced to raise the white flag in the Philippines in May 1942 and then endured three and a half years of harsh captivity at the hands of their cruel custodians. Even though Wainwright viewed the pen as “a wholly unexpected and very great gift”, it remained a modest compensation for enduring “one of the worst military defeats in American history,” for which MacArthur bore no small share of responsibility.

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The Caledonian Invasion

On By Marc NadeauIn Boer War, Dudley Clarke, HarperCollins, History, Leadership, Lord Mountbatten, Military History, Operation Biting, Paratroopers, SAS, Scotland, Sir Max Hastings, SOE, Warfare, Winston Churchill, World War IILeave a comment

In early 1942, Winston Churchill faced a barrage of bad news. Kriegsmarine warships had escaped detection, sailing from occupied France to Germany, and Singapore had just fallen to the Japanese. The time for a large-scale offensive had not yet arrived, but Churchill desperately needed a victory. German radar technology – the Würzburg – was hindering British air operations, and one station, perched on the cliffs of Bruneval near Le Havre in Northern France, became the target of a daring raid. A successful breach of the Nazi fortress would offer much-needed relief during those harsh winter months.

Thus, Operation Biting: The 1942 Parachute Assault to Capture Hitler’s Radar (Harper) vividly springs to life through Sir Max Hastings’ writing. Members of the Black Watch, the Cameron Highlanders, the King’s Own Scottish Borderers, and the Seaforth Highlanders took center stage among the British paratrooper units involved, demonstrating the martial prowess long associated with Caledonian regiments. Nemo me impune lacessit.

Unmistakably, Churchill is the story’s central figure. During the Boer War, which he covered as a young war correspondent, he admired the effectiveness of Afrikaner commandos. True to the British instinct of adapting enemy tactics, Churchill later founded the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in 1940, followed by the formation of the Special Air Service (SAS) the next year. As Hastings notes, the recruits manning these units “were seldom the sort of people to make docile household pets.” The deployment of paratroopers for Operation Biting naturally stemmed from this evolution.

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With God on his side

On By Marc NadeauIn Alex Kershaw, Battle of the Bulge, Cardinal Timothy Dolan, Donald Trump, Faith, George S. Patton, History, Leadership, Penguin Random House CanadaLeave a comment

“Patton is a problem child, but he is a great fighting leader in pursuit and exploration”, said General Dwight D. Eisenhower about his unconventional subordinate. That quote is in Alex Kershaw’s last book Patton’s Prayer: A True Story of Courage, Faith, and Victory in World War II (Dutton).

I have been a longtime fan of this author’s books. I have reviewed some here. I initially wanted to publish this review before Christmas in commemoration of the start of the iconic Battle of the Bulge, “the greatest ever fought, in terms of the number of US troops involved, in US military history” and “the deadliest for the US in World War II”. However, events dictated otherwise, and I told myself I had until the end of January, when the battle officially ended, to move forward with my intention.

But then came President Donald Trump’s inauguration earlier this week, and the words pronounced by Cardinal Timothy Dolan, blessing the incoming administration. The Catholic Archbishop of New York mentioned “General George Patton’s instructions to his soldiers as they began the Battle of the Bulge eight decades ago: “Pray! Pray when fighting. Pray alone. Pray with others. Pray by night. Pray by day.””

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Waking up the American giant

On By Marc NadeauIn Chester Nimitz, Douglas MacArthur, Geopolitics, History, James Holland, Japan, Pearl Harbor, Penguin Random House, The Pacific War, United States, William “Bull” Halsey Jr., World War IILeave a comment

Yesterday, December 7th, marked the infamous 83rd anniversary of the Japanese air raid against Pearl Harbor. This reckless decision would provoke the evaporation of the last isolationist emanations in American public life and pave the way to the Allied victory four years later. But before we got there, a war would need to be fought and waged against a determined and “extremely inflexible” enemy – to use the words of renowned historian James Holland – a favourite of this blog, in case you haven’t noticed.

A few years ago, he wrote a very insightful book in the Ladybird Expert Series about The Pacific War 1941-1943 (Penguin Random House), and I told myself this weekend would be the ideal time to write a few lines about it.

The morning of December 7 was a shocking experience resulting from their underestimation of a lethal nemesis. The Americans took the hit and bounced back. Ultimately, their victory was the result of three crucial ingredients. First, men and resources, which they had in abundance. Second, they had a second-to-none capacity in terms of intelligence, which notably thwarted Admiral Yamamoto’s plan and would ultimately cost him his life. Third, the incomparable leadership of military figures like Admirals Chester Nimitz and William “Bull” Halsey Jr. About the latter, the author evokes that he “gelled immediately” with General Douglas MacArthur – the latter being traditionally a hard-to-get-along figure. Together, “they planned a series of leapfrogging operations, drawing on hard-won experience already gained in the Pacific and on the United States’ burgeoning military might.” Finally, “they were quick to absorb the lessons of war.”

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The Making of Trump 2.0

On By Marc NadeauIn Donald Trump, George H. W. Bush, HarperCollins, History, Leadership, Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft, Lt.-Gen. H.R. McMaster, Politics, Ronald Reagan, US Politics, US PresidencyLeave a comment

Historically, the main task of any President-elect in the United States is to form a cabinet. In the last weeks, we have seen a cascade of announcements that have raised some eyebrows. Donald Trump’s picks for key positions in his second administration might seem odd to many.

Not so much if you grab a copy of retired Lieutenant General H. R. McMaster’s insightful book At War with Ourselves: My Tour of Duty in the Trump White House (Harper).

Upon his selection as National Security Advisor by the 45th President, the military general wanted to give his boss the best of his expertise. After consulting with one of his notorious predecessors, Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft, who masterfully seconded President George H. W. Bush, McMaster understood his role as “making the policy process work and developing options for the president; and second, advising the president with views unalloyed by the departments and their bureaucracies.” The only person that mattered to him was the President, whose foreign policy should be well served. He also perceived his role as being above partisanship. His goodwill would be rewarded with disappointment.

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